Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

COPD is a progressive lung disease that causes breathing difficulties due to obstructed airflow. It primarily results from smoking, prolonged exposure to pollutants, and chronic lung inflammation. COPD includes conditions like chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis causes inflammation and excessive mucus production, while emphysema damages the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs, reducing oxygen absorption. Symptoms include a persistent cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and fatigue. There is no cure for COPD, but it can be managed through bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, and pulmonary rehabilitation. Physiotherapy plays a crucial role in improving breathing efficiency through exercises like pursed-lip breathing and diaphragmatic breathing. Patients are encouraged to engage in regular physical activity to strengthen respiratory muscles and improve endurance. Smoking cessation is the most critical step in managing COPD. Avoiding air pollution, maintaining a nutritious diet, and staying hydrated can help reduce symptoms. Severe cases may require long-term oxygen therapy or even lung transplantation.